A business case provides a justification for a course of action based on the benefits to be realized by using the proposed solution, as compared to the cost, effort, and other considerations to

Data flow diagrams show where data comes from, which activities process the data, and if the output results are stored or utilized by another activity or external entity.

Item tracking is used to capture and assign responsibility for issues and stakeholder concerns that pose an impact to the solution.

Benchmarking and market analysis are conducted to improve organizational operations, increase customer satisfaction, and increase value to stakeholders.

A concept model is used to organize the business vocabulary needed to consistently and thoroughly communicate the knowledge of a domain.

The purpose of the lessons learned process is to compile and document successes, opportunities for improvement, failures, and recommendations for improving the performance of future projects or

Observation of activities, also known as job shadowing, involves examining a work activity firsthand as it is performed. It can be conducted in either natural work environments or specially

Process analysis assesses a process for its efficiency and effectiveness, as well as its ability to identify opportunities for change.

Root cause analysis is a systematic examination of a problem or situation that focuses on the problem's origin as the proper point of correction rather than dealing only with its effects.

Incremental and iterative activities that transform needs into a recommended solution.​